41. Physostigmine is a tertiary amine that can cross the BBB used in glaucoma and atropine toxicity.
42. Neostigmine and pyridostigmine are used in ileus and myasthenia gravis.
43. AChE inhibitors poisoning causes (DUMBELS) which are diarrhoea, urination, miosis, bronchoconstriction, excitation (muscle and CNS), and lacrimation, salivation and sweating.
44. The antidote for AChE inhibitor poisoning is Atropine and Pralidoxime (2-PAM) to activate the esterase enzyme; atropine is used first.
45. Vagal stimulation slows the heart caused by a low dose of atropine.
46. Physostigmine, a tertiary amine carbamate, is the antidote to atropine.
47. Benztropine is used in Parkinsonism and the treatment of dystonias.
48. MAO A in the liver and anywhere it metabolises NE, 5HT, tyramine, and MAO B in the brain it metabolises DA. Cocaine blocks the reuptake of NE.
49. Adrenergic receptors in the eye, alpha1-receptors cause contraction of radial muscles, leading to mydriasis, and in arterioles of skin and viscera cause contraction lead to an increase in afterload and an increase in PVR.
50. Veins alpha1-receptors activation causes contraction, leading to venous return and decreasing the preload. In the bladder, contraction of both the trigone and sphincter leads to urinary retention.
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