Pharma Tips-327

1651. HSV-1 is responsible for cold sores.

1652. HSV-2 is responsible for genital herpes; HSV-1 can also cause it.

1653. Epstein-Barr virus is responsible for infectious mononucleosis.

1654. Coronavirus is one of the viruses responsible for the common cold.

1655. BMI = weight in kg/(height in meters)².

Pharma Tips-326

1646. The first line of therapy for osteoarthritis is acetaminophen.

1647. Primary failure in diabetes control on sulfonylurea drugs is an insufficient number of β-cells to respond; secondary failure is the drug initially achieves good control but fails to maintain it due to disease progression.

1648. Massaging with oil and shampooing will treat cradle cap and scaly skin in a baby.

1649. Sunscreen should not be used in children く6 months of age, because their metabolic and excretory systems are not fully developed. Higher skin absorption in infants (thin, sensitive skin), greater risk of irritation or allergic reactions.

1650. Human papillomavirus is the cause of common warts. 

Pharma Tips-325

1641. Glucovance = glyburide + metformin.

1642. Acarbose is ∝-glucosidase inhibitor that decreases the absorption of carbohydrates.

1643. Blood flow to fingers has a higher capillary density and blood flow, so they are a reliable site to test the blood sugar level.

1644. Alternate-site blood sugar testing is recommended only when glucose levels are stable, such as: fasting state, 2 hrs after a meal, or 2 hrs after exercise.

1645. Osteoarthritis, also known as degenerative joint disease, has little inflammation and is the most common form of arthritis.

Pharma Tips-324

1636. Clarithromycin may cause QT prolongation if taken with ketoconazole.

1637. Low-dose ASA decreases the secretion of uric acid, hence increasing gouty attacks.

1638. Nicotinic acid competes with the uric acid excretion in the kidneys, increasing uric acid levels and increasing the risk of a gout attack.

1639. Cytotoxic drugs increase nucleic acids due to cell lysis, leading to an increase in uric acid, increasing gout attacks.

1640. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) indicates the lowest concentration of an antibiotic that prevents microbial growth after 18-24 hours of incubation.

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1631. Reason for non-compliance:

• Asymptomatic conditions.
• Chronic conditions.
• Cognitive impairment, especially forgetfulness.
• Complex regimens.
• Multiple daily doses. 
• Patient's fear of side effects.
• Poor communication between patients and practitioners.
• Psychiatric illness.

1632. Meperidine may increase the incidence of seizures.

1633. Bismuth subsalicylate is used for traveller's diarrhoea, may cause constipation, black tongue and stool.

1634. Carbamazepine may cause ataxia and diplopia. 

1635. Sucralfate, aluminium and magnesium antacids decrease the absorption of ciprofloxacin.

Pharma Tips-322

1626. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) like symptoms are induced by hydralazine, INH, quinidine, phenytoin, procainamide, PTU, penicillamine, and carbamazepine.

1627. Neuropathy can be caused by vincristine, INH, amiodarone, nitrofurantoin, and amphotericin B.

1628. Warfarin is a teratogenic agent.

1629. Aspirin has less effect on venous thrombosis.

1630. Alteplase is not indicated for DVT, but for MI.

Pharma Tips-321

1621. Selenium sulfide might cause hair discolouration.

1622. Spironolactone is the drug of choice for diuretic treatment in ascites because it antagonises the effect of aldosterone.

1623. Quinidine has GI side effects, so sustained-release preparations are used to decrease those.

1624. Pentazocine is an opioid agonist and antagonist.

1625. Hydrocodone is a semisynthetic opioid.