Pharma Tips-341

1721. Vasopressin and oxytocin are released by the posterior pituitary gland.

1722. Metoprolol is a selective β₁‑blocker. Non‑selective beta‑blockers (e.g., timolol) decrease aqueous humour production; metoprolol does not significantly do so.

1723. Valacyclovir is indicated for the treatment of shingles and genital herpes.

1724. Tegaserod is a 5-HT₄ agonist, used for irritable bowel syndrome in women with constipation predominant.

1725. Ritonavir is a protease inhibitor; it is used for HIV.

Pharma Tips-340

1716. Out-patient on lithium takes 900- 1200 mg to maintain 0.6-0.8 mEq/L (lithium levels). Blood sampling is performed 10-12 hrs after the last dose (usually just before the morning dose).

1717. Desmopressin is used to treat primary nocturnal enuresis.

1718. Insulin glargine is a long-acting insulin analogue; it is used only by subcutaneous route.

1719. Cilastatin is a renal dipeptidase inhibitor; it is co-administered with imipenem to prevent renal metabolism of imipenem.

1720. Growth hormone (somatotropin) is released by the anterior pituitary gland. 

Pharma Tips-339

1711. 25 µg of liothyronine (T₃) is equivalent to 100 µg of levothyroxine sodium (T₄).

1712. Thiamine (Vitamin B₁) deficiency may cause Wernicke's syndrome or Korsakoff's syndrome.

1713. Folic acid deficiency leads to megaloblastic anaemia.

1714. Folic acid supply to pregnant women is essential to prevent neural tube defects, especially fetal spina bifida.

1715. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome results from pancreatic adenomas (gastrin-producing islet cells) or duodenal gastrinomas. It is characterised by ulcer pain and diarrhoea, with proton pump inhibitors  (PPIs) as the drug of choice.

Pharma Tips-338

1706. Pneumonia, cor pulmonale, ciprofloxacin, and heart failure increase serum theophylline levels.

1707. Smoking decreases theophylline serum levels by increasing its elimination.

1708. Verapamil slows impulse conduction within the AV node, so it is used to treat tachycardia.

1709. Atomoxetine is not a CNS stimulant.

1710. PICC = peripherally inserted central catheter, sterilely inserted into the vena cava.

Pharma Tips-337

1701. Long-term use of methotrexate causes hepatotoxicity.

1702. Methotrexate is available in tablet and injection forms.

1703. Chlamydia trachomatis is the most causative organism of non-gonococcal urethritis.

1704. Heart rate, cardiac contractility, fluid volume within the cardiac ventricles, and myocardial wall tension reflect the heart's oxygen demand.

1705. Acute coronary syndrome represents unstable angina, ST- and non-ST-elevated myocardial infarction.

Pharma Tips-336

1696. Administration of antibiotics before surgery (1-2 hours) to prevent infections.

1697. To prepare a parenteral nutrition emulsion correctly, the usual order is:

1. Add the amino acid solution to the dextrose solution.
2. Then add the fat emulsion (fatty oil/lipid emulsion).
3. Mix gently.

1698. Zinc helps in wound healing and burns.

1699. Doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide both cause alopecia.

1700. Doxorubicin causes cardiomyopathy, leucopenia, and hepatotoxicity.

Pharma Tips-335

1691. Homocysteine is linked to increase the risk of heart disease.

1692. Colchicine causes diarrhoea and nausea.

1693. Minoxidil (Rogaine) is used topically to treat alopecia.

1694. Finasteride (Propecia) is used orally to treat alopecia.

1695. Tachycardia is an early sign of theophylline toxicity.