Pharma Tips-354

1786. For age-related macular degeneration (AMD), patients who are smokers should not use a formula containing beta-carotene due to an increased risk of lung cancer.

1787.VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor.

1788. For photodynamic therapy, wet AMD patients should avoid exposure of the skin or eyes to sunlight or bright indoor light for 2-5 days.

1789. FNAB = fine needle aspiration biopsy.

1790. Diabetic ketoacidosis management (DKA) includes fluids, potassium, insulin, bicarbonate in severe metabolic acidosis, laboratory tests and supportive care. 

Pharma Tips-353

1781. Prostaglandin eye drops like Lumigan may cause brown pigmentation of the iris, darkening of the periocular skin, and thickening and elongation of eyelashes. 

1782. Dorzolamide 2% preservative-free (Trusopt) for patients who cannot tolerate preservatives.

1783. Most topically administered eye drops used in therapy can cause irritation and toxicity.

1784. Corticosteroids may worsen herptic/fungal keratitis, and long-term use of corticosteroids may cause glaucoma and/or cataracts.

1785. Trifluridine is used for herpes simplex virus-only infections; chronic use may cause corneal epithelial toxicity.

Pharma Tips-352

1776. RRMS = relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

1777. PPMS = primary progressive multiple sclerosis. 

1778. SPMS = secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. 

1779. Fingolimod is used to treat multiple sclerosis; avoid live vaccines during treatment and for 2 months after stopping.

1780. Separate the administration of different eye drops by 5-10 minutes, sometimes 15 minutes for convenience or if the drops are irritating.  

Pharma Tips-351

1771. ACEIs and ARBs decrease lithium clearance.

1772. Flunarizine is used in migraine prophylaxis; it may take several weeks to be effective and should not be used in depressed patients or those with EPS.

1773. Ketorolac for moderate to severe pain, 30mg is equianalgesic 12mg of morphine; it is used to treat renal colic.

1774. Trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux) is a sudden, brief, sharp episodic pain in one or more branches of the fifth cranial nerve. 

1775. Bell's palsy is caused by the herpes simplex virus one, predinsolone is the drug of choice 1mg/kg for 5 days and taper for 5 days; and antiviral therapy may be added.

Pharma Tips-350

1766. Carbamazepine treats seizures and trigeminal neuralgia and may cause aplastic anaemia and agranulocytosis.

1767. Migraine decreases gastric emptying, limiting the effectiveness of analgesics. 

1768. Hypothyroidism increases sensitivity to digoxin and opioids.

1769. Hyperthyroidism increases sensitivity to warfarin and decreases sensitivity to digoxin.

1770. Topiramate may increase the risk of nephrolithiasis during treatment; more hydration is recommended.

Pharma Tips-349

1761. Oxacillin and nafcillin are useful to treat β-lactamase-producing staphylococcal infections. 

1762. Acitretin is used to treat psoriasis; it is CI in pregnancy, so two negative pregnancy tests must be done before taking it, and two effective birth control methods must be used for one month before starting and for 3 years after stopping it.

1763. Mesalamine is a metabolite of sulfasalazine, and it is used to treat chronic ulcerative colitis.

1764. Tigecycline could be used to treat methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant bacteria; it is a structural analogue of tetracycline. 

1765. Antacids may decrease the absorption of gabapentin; it should be taken 2 hours after antacids. 

Pharma Tips-348

1756. NNRTIs include delavirdine, efavirenz, and nevirapine.

1757. Infliximab is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and ankylosing spondylitis.

1758. Almotriptan is used for acute migraine.

1759. Metoclopramide could be used for symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux and diabetic gastroparesis.

1760. Lactase enzyme is used to manage lactose intolerance.