Pharma Tips-339

1711. 25 µg of liothyronine (T₃) is equivalent to 100 µg of levothyroxine sodium (T₄).

1712. Thiamine (Vitamin B₁) deficiency may cause Wernicke's syndrome or Korsakoff's syndrome.

1713. Folic acid deficiency leads to megaloblastic anaemia.

1714. Folic acid supply to pregnant women is essential to prevent neural tube defects, especially fetal spina bifida.

1715. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome results from pancreatic adenomas (gastrin-producing islet cells) or duodenal gastrinomas. It is characterised by ulcer pain and diarrhoea, with proton pump inhibitors  (PPIs) as the drug of choice.

Pharma Tips-338

1706. Pneumonia, cor pulmonale, ciprofloxacin, and heart failure increase serum theophylline levels.

1707. Smoking decreases theophylline serum levels by increasing its elimination.

1708. Verapamil slows impulse conduction within the AV node, so it is used to treat tachycardia.

1709. Atomoxetine is not a CNS stimulant.

1710. PICC = peripherally inserted central catheter, sterilely inserted into the vena cava.

Pharma Tips-337

1701. Long-term use of methotrexate causes hepatotoxicity.

1702. Methotrexate is available in tablet and injection forms.

1703. Chlamydia trachomatis is the most causative organism of non-gonococcal urethritis.

1704. Heart rate, cardiac contractility, fluid volume within the cardiac ventricles, and myocardial wall tension reflect the heart's oxygen demand.

1705. Acute coronary syndrome represents unstable angina, ST- and non-ST-elevated myocardial infarction.

Pharma Tips-336

1696. Administration of antibiotics before surgery (1-2 hours) to prevent infections.

1697. To prepare a parenteral nutrition emulsion correctly, the usual order is:

1. Add the amino acid solution to the dextrose solution.
2. Then add the fat emulsion (fatty oil/lipid emulsion).
3. Mix gently.

1698. Zinc helps in wound healing and burns.

1699. Doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide both cause alopecia.

1700. Doxorubicin causes cardiomyopathy, leucopenia, and hepatotoxicity.

Pharma Tips-335

1691. Homocysteine is linked to increase the risk of heart disease.

1692. Colchicine causes diarrhoea and nausea.

1693. Minoxidil (Rogaine) is used topically to treat alopecia.

1694. Finasteride (Propecia) is used orally to treat alopecia.

1695. Tachycardia is an early sign of theophylline toxicity.

Pharma Tips-334

1686. The normal range of intraocular pressure is between 10 and 20 mmHg.

1687. Epoetin-alfa (epogen) stimulates erythropoiesis.

1688. Lansoprazole and alprazolam both may cause constipation.

1689. Lansoprazole should be given before a meal (food decreases absorption) and can be given with juice.

1690. Megaloblastic anaemia is caused by the deficiency of vitamin B₁₂ and /or folic acid.

Pharma Tips-333

1681. Dysarthria is difficulty in pronouncing words.

1682. Apraxia is the loss of the ability to execute learned movements.

1683. Ataxia is the lack of coordination of muscle movements.

1684. Atresia is a condition in which a body orifice is closed or absent.

1685. Levobutolol is a β-blocker; it is used to treat glaucoma by reducing the production of aqueous humour.