Pharma Tips-337

1701. Long-term use of methotrexate causes hepatotoxicity.

1702. Methotrexate is available in tablet and injection forms.

1703. Chlamydia trachomatis is the most causative organism of non-gonococcal urethritis.

1704. Heart rate, cardiac contractility, fluid volume within the cardiac ventricles, and myocardial wall tension reflect the heart's oxygen demand.

1705. Acute coronary syndrome represents unstable angina, ST- and non-ST-elevated myocardial infarction.

Pharma Tips-336

1696. Administration of antibiotics before surgery (1-2 hours) to prevent infections.

1697. To prepare a parenteral nutrition emulsion correctly, the usual order is:

1. Add the amino acid solution to the dextrose solution.
2. Then add the fat emulsion (fatty oil/lipid emulsion).
3. Mix gently.

1698. Zinc helps in wound healing and burns.

1699. Doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide both cause alopecia.

1700. Doxorubicin causes cardiomyopathy, leucopenia, and hepatotoxicity.

Pharma Tips-335

1691. Homocysteine is linked to increase the risk of heart disease.

1692. Colchicine causes diarrhoea and nausea.

1693. Minoxidil (Rogaine) is used topically to treat alopecia.

1694. Finasteride (Propecia) is used orally to treat alopecia.

1695. Tachycardia is an early sign of theophylline toxicity.

Pharma Tips-334

1686. The normal range of intraocular pressure is between 10 and 20 mmHg.

1687. Epoetin-alfa (epogen) stimulates erythropoiesis.

1688. Lansoprazole and alprazolam both may cause constipation.

1689. Lansoprazole should be given before a meal (food decreases absorption) and can be given with juice.

1690. Megaloblastic anaemia is caused by the deficiency of vitamin B₁₂ and /or folic acid.

Pharma Tips-333

1681. Dysarthria is difficulty in pronouncing words.

1682. Apraxia is the loss of the ability to execute learned movements.

1683. Ataxia is the lack of coordination of muscle movements.

1684. Atresia is a condition in which a body orifice is closed or absent.

1685. Levobutolol is a β-blocker; it is used to treat glaucoma by reducing the production of aqueous humour.

Pharma Tips-332

1676. Verapamil increases digoxin levels by reducing its clearance, and also has an additive effect on the heart, causing heart block.

1677. Verapamil is indicated for hypertension, angina, and rate control in supraventricular arrhythmias (e.g., atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter).

1678. Drugs with a hepatic extraction ratio < 0.3 have low first-pass metabolism, while those with > 0.7 undergo extensive first-pass metabolism.

1679. Naloxone is a pure opioid narcotic antagonist.

1680. Aphasia is an impairment of language (expression and/or comprehension), not limited to difficulty speaking alone.

Pharma Tips-331

1671. EFAD = essential fatty acids deficiency.

1672. Ultracet is used for the management of acute pain for 5 days or less.

1673. Dronabinol is available in oral form only.

1674. Granisetron and ondansetron are available in injectable and oral forms.

1675. Rituximab is used to treat non-Hodgkin lymphomas.