Pharma Tips-332

1676. Verapamil increases digoxin levels by reducing its clearance, and also has an additive effect on the heart, causing heart block.

1677. Verapamil is indicated for hypertension, angina, and rate control in supraventricular arrhythmias (e.g., atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter).

1678. Drugs with a hepatic extraction ratio < 0.3 have low first-pass metabolism, while those with > 0.7 undergo extensive first-pass metabolism.

1679. Naloxone is a pure opioid narcotic antagonist.

1680. Aphasia is an impairment of language (expression and/or comprehension), not limited to difficulty speaking alone.

Pharma Tips-331

1671. EFAD = essential fatty acids deficiency.

1672. Ultracet is used for the management of acute pain for 5 days or less.

1673. Dronabinol is available in oral form only.

1674. Granisetron and ondansetron are available in injectable and oral forms.

1675. Rituximab is used to treat non-Hodgkin lymphomas.

Pharma Tips-330

1666. Pirbuterol (maxair) is a β2-agonist.

1667. SSRIs are the drugs of choice for OCD treatment.

1668. Clozapine (clozaril) should be discontinued if the patient's WBC count falls below 3000/mm³.

1669. Modern pneumococcal conjugate vaccines are effective and recommended in children <2 years.

1670. Minocycline not to exceed 200mg/24 hrs in renal-impaired patients.

Pharma Tips-329

1661. A higher AUC indicates greater overall drug exposure in the bloodstream (greater bioavailability), but the actual drug effect depends on both pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.

1662. Rosiglitazone increases HDL, increases LDL, no effect on TGs.

1663. Pioglitazone increases HDL, has no significant effect on LDL, and decreases TGs.

1664. Encephalitis is inflammation of brain tissue, most commonly caused by viral infections; HSV-1 is the most common sporadic cause, with others including CMV, rabies, mumps, and arboviruses.

1665. Febuxostat (uloric) is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor. Reducing the conversion of hypoxanthine → xanthine → uric acid is used for chronic gout management.

Pharma Tips-328

1656. Fluoxetine, Sertraline, Paroxetine, and Fluvoxamine have low cardiotoxicity as SSRIs.

1657. Turbuhaler (budesonide = Pulmicort) should be primed only once on first use and should not be shaken. Clean with a clean dry tissue.

1658. Low K levels increase the toxicity of digoxin.

1659. Mazindol is a CNS stimulant; it is used for short-term management of obesity.

1660. Milk of magnesia (MgOH₂) is not recommended in renal-impaired patients, because it is mainly excreted by the kidneys.

Pharma Tips-327

1651. HSV-1 is responsible for cold sores.

1652. HSV-2 is responsible for genital herpes; HSV-1 can also cause it.

1653. Epstein-Barr virus is responsible for infectious mononucleosis.

1654. Coronavirus is one of the viruses responsible for the common cold.

1655. BMI = weight in kg/(height in meters)².

Pharma Tips-326

1646. The first line of therapy for osteoarthritis is acetaminophen.

1647. Primary failure in diabetes control on sulfonylurea drugs is an insufficient number of β-cells to respond; secondary failure is the drug initially achieves good control but fails to maintain it due to disease progression.

1648. Massaging with oil and shampooing will treat cradle cap and scaly skin in a baby.

1649. Sunscreen should not be used in children く6 months of age, because their metabolic and excretory systems are not fully developed. Higher skin absorption in infants (thin, sensitive skin), greater risk of irritation or allergic reactions.

1650. Human papillomavirus is the cause of common warts.