191. Causes of nausea and vomiting are appendicitis, cholangitis, cholecystitis, chronic renal dysfunction, uremia, diabetic ketoacidosis, gastric outlet obstruction, gastroenteritis, gastroparesis, head trauma, intracranial pressure, intestinal obstruction, irritable bowel syndrome, non-ulcer dyspepsia, noxious odour, pancreatitis, peptic ulcer disease, post-operative nausea and vomiting, pregnancy, pyelonephritis, vestibular disorders like motion sickness, acute viral hepatitis.
192. Symptoms of dehydration are dry mouth, tongue and skin, few or no tears when crying, decreased urination, sunken eyes, grayish skin, increased thirst, feeling weak and light-headed.
193. Diseases that may cause constipation are autonomic neuropathy, diabetes mellitus, intestinal pseudo-obstruction, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injury, stroke, hypothyroidism, hypocalcaemia, systemic sclerosis, pregnancy, cystic fibrosis, panhypopituitarism, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic renal failure, uremia, stricture, diverticulosis, malignant tumor, depression, eating disorder, pain secondary to anal fissures, hemorrhoids.
194. Drugs that cause constipation are amantadine, anticonvulsants, anticholinergics, antidiarheals, antihistamines (first generation), antipsychotics, phenothiazines, BDZs, barbiturates, beta-blockers, CCBs especially verapamil, cation-containing agents aluminum, barium, bismuth, calcium, iron, cholestyramine, clonidine, diuretics, 5-HT3 antagonists like ondansetron, lithium, NSAIDs, opioids, polystyrene sodium sulfonate, TCAs like amitriptyline > nortriptyline, pseudoephedrine, vinca alkaloids.
195. Instructions for administering an enema; lubricate the enema nozzle- lie on left side with knees bent- insert the enema nozzle into the rectum with the nozzle pointing towards the navel- gently squeeze the container until the dose is expelled if discomfort is felt at this point the flow is probably too fast, retain the solution until definite abdominal cramping is felt.
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