Pharma Tips-4

31. Phenoxybenzamine forms an irreversible covalent bond with acetylcholine receptors.

32. Adenylate cyclase forms cyclic-AMP from ATP.

33. Atropine will prevent you from sweating then become very hot and that is called Atropine flushing.

34.Parasympathetic receptors in; eye sphincter has M3 receptors, which cause miosis (contract), ciliary muscles M3 receptors to help for accommodation for the near vision.

35. Heart has M2 receptors in SA node that decrease the heart rate (-ve inotorpy), in the AV node there are M2 receptors that decrease the conduction velocity (chronotropic).

36. Lungs have M3 receptors that cause contraction (bronchospasm), M3 receptors are found in the glands and increase the secretions.

37. Stomach has M3 receptors when activate them cause cramps and increase motility, M1 receptors present in glands of the stomach and increase secretions of acid, M3 receptors present in GIT and increase motility causing diarrhoea. 

38. Bladder has M3 receptors that cause contraction of the body and relaxation of the sphincter.

39. Blood vessels have M3 receptors causing dilation by release nitric oxide, they are not innervated. 

40. Pilocarpine is cholinomimetic used in open angle glaucoma and in xerostomia.

Pharma Tips-3

21. Type ІІ statistical error the data shows no difference between two treatment regimens and a difference actually does exist.

22. Lithium is an ion but can cross BBB because it has a very small molecular weight, also ethanol, lithium is toxic to fetus. 

23. Phase І reaction like oxidation, reduction or hydrolysis, phase ІІ reaction is the conjugation reactions.

24. Ethanol acts as CYP450 3A4 inhibitor when it is used acutely, but chronically it acts as an inducer.

25. You cannot induce P450 2D6, but you can inhibit it.

26. There are some people who are fast hydroxylators so they eliminate drugs faster than others do and they need higher doses example codeine.

27. Morphine when conjugates it will form an active compound.

28. Neonates do not have transferases enzymes that responsible on conjugation.

29. Glutathione conjugation for metabolism of acetaminophen.

30. Morphine and meperidine (pethidine) is full agonist, codeine is partial agonist that may act as antagonist in the presence of full agonist.

Pharma Tips-2

11. Half-life t1/2= 0.7 Χ Vd / CL.

12. Non-medical measures for hypertension; lower salt intake, eat more fresh food, fruit, vegetables, more fibre-containing food, regular exercise, and quit smoking.

13. Non-medical measures for depression; exercise regularly, get plenty of rest, healthy balanced diet, and join groups that would help you to solve your problems.

14. Non-medical measures for insomnia; maintain sleep pattern, sleep and wake up at the same time every day, make bedroom just for sleeping, avoid napping, avoid late exercise, decrease the amount of caffeine, and avoid drinking late.

15. Non-medical measures for migraine; during the attack relax in a quiet, dark room, use ice packs on your head, avoid too much or too little sleep, and irregular meals, and keep a headache diary to avoid the triggers.

16. Non-medical measures for urinary tract infections; drink plenty of water (up to 8 glasses/day), use cranberry juice and use a backup contraceptive method (condom).

17. Non-medical measures for osteoarthritis; proper exercise to strengthen the muscles such as swimming, weight loss, safety measures in the house like handles to grab and non-slip rubber mats, support to the joints like splints, wearing healthy footwear.

18. ARR = CG – EG, NNT = 1/ARR, RRR = ARR/ CG. 

19. Morphine is a basic compound and needs less acidity to be absorbed; ASA is mainly absorbed in the intestine.

20. Type І statistical error the data shows a difference between two treatment regimens but a difference does not actually exist.

Pharma Tips-1

1. Sulphonamides displace warfarin in plasma protein increases its blood concentration leading to an increase in INR that leads to bleeding.
2. High Vd means low blood level of a drug and low Vd means high blood level.
3. Clorazepate has no activity and converts to nordiazepam.
4. P450 enzymes are present mainly in the liver, but they found in GIT, kidneys, lungs and brain; in the cell, they are present in the endoplasmic reticulum, they need NADPH to work.
5. Cimetidine, Macrolides are P450 inhibitors.
6. Disulfiram inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase leads to flushing (red face).
7. Rapid acetylators need more INH, hydralazine, procainamide doses and they are less affected by these drugs to cause a lupus-like reaction.
8. Zero-order means the rate of elimination is constant irrelevant to the concentration of drug in the blood, ethanol metabolized by the same amount irrespective to its blood level, phenytoin in low doses, toxic doses of salicylates follows zero-order kinetics.
9. First-order kinetics is concentration-dependent, most drugs follow 1st order kinetics.

10. Loading dose LD = Vd Χ Css, the volume of distribution multiplied by plasma levels at steady state.