Pharma Tips-106

551. OTC drugs for allergic rhinitis are brompheniramine, cetirizine, chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine, loratadine, pseudoephedrine NS, normal saline, oxymetazoline, xylometazoline, dextromethorphan. 

552. Periodontitis is a disease that attacks the gum and the bone around the teeth. Antibacterials regimens for periodontitis: 

Ciprofloxacin 500mg BID for 8 days. 

Metronidazole 500mg TID for 8 days. 

Metronidazole + amoxicillin 250mg both TID for 8 days. 

Metronidazole + ciprofloxacin 500mg both BID for 8 days. 

Tetracycline 500mg TID for 21 days. 

553. Candida albicans is the most common cause of oral candidiasis. 

554. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) contains amino acids, dextrose, fat, electrolyte, alcohol, vitamins, and traces elements. TPN solution should contain 5-7.5% dextrose, 3-5%amino acids. Calcium phosphate forms crystals in TPN, so calcium gluconate is used to prevent crystal formation. 

555. Sensitivity requirement (SR) = weight*error.

Pharma Tips-105

546. Non-pharmacological measures that could be helpful to minimize the menopause symptoms:-

• Avoiding spicy food, alcohol, and caffeine.
• Stop smoking.
• Cool comfortable environment.
• Getting regular exercise.
• For vaginal dryness, use lubricants.

547. St. john’s wort can act as abortifacient.

548. Ginger may be helpful to reduce nausea.

549. OTC drugs for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy are dimenhydrinate, and pyridoxine (vitamin B6).

550. Diclectin is a combination of doxylamine 10 mg, and pyridoxine 10 mg.

Pharma Tips-104

541. Drugs that may cause vaginal dryness are oral contraceptives, antihistamines, antidepressants, antihypertensives,chemotherapy,and antiarrhythmics. 

542. Bacteria found in the vagina are lactobacilli, streptococci, staphyococci, G. vaginalis, C. albicans, and other candida species.

543. Boric acid 600 mg capsules is used intravaginally one or BID for 14 days to treat resistant vaginal candidiasis.

544. Toxic shock syndrome is caused by staphylococcus aureus, and streptococcus pyogenes.

545. Symptoms of menopause are hot flashes, vaginal dryness, painful sexual intercourse, loss of bladder control, skin changes (increase wrinkles), lower sex drive, and memory loss.

Pharma Tips-103

536. Bacitracin has cross sensitivity with neomycin.

537. Steam sterilization (autoclave) 15 minutes at 121°c or 3 minutes at 134°c.

538. REM means roentgen-equivalent man a unit for measuring radiation dose or rapid eye movement sleep.

539. Magnesium controls convulsions by blocking neuromuscular response.

540. Sublimation is the conversion from a solid state to gas state, without going through a liquid phase.

Pharma Tips-102

531. Impetigo is caused by Staphylococcus aureus, its topical treatment of choice is mupirocin 2% ointment.

532. OTC drugs for topical fungal infections are clotrimazole 1% cream, miconazole 2% cream, tioconazole 1% cream, ketoconazole 2% shampoo, tolnaftate 1 %, undecylenic acid, nystatin cream.

533. Insect repellents are deet, soybean oil, oil of citronella, other essential plant oils like lavender, cedar pine, cinnamon, garlic, pyrethrum, and permethrin.

534. OTC topical antipruritics are ammonium hydroxide, calamine, zinc oxide, camphor, diphenhydramine, menthol, papain, and phenol.

535. Topical antibacterials are bacitracin, gramicidin, mupirocin, and polymyxin.

Pharma Tips-101

526. Athlete’s foot (tinea pedis) is a superficial fungal infection of the feet.

527. Drugs trigger psoriasis are ACEIs, acebutolol, amiodarone, amoxicillin, ampicillin, ASA, BBs, chloroquine, cimetidine, cyclosporine, enalapril, lithium, NSAIDs, tetracycline, terbinafine, trazodone, and tacrine.

528. Drugs that might cause acne corticosteroids, oral contraceptives, ACTH, androgenic hormones, bromide, chloride, iodide, hydantoin derivatives, phenobarbital, ethambutol, INH, cyclosporine, vitamin B12, dantrolene, gold salts, lithium, maprotiline, psoralen, quinidine, quinine, coal tar, carbamazepine, cephalexin,cefazolin, chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole, diltiazem, furosemide, naproxen, norfloxacin, piperazine, pyrimethamine, and tetracyclines.

529. Acne appears as pimples on the face, chest, back and upper arms, OTC drugs for acne like benzoyl peroxide (8-12 weeks), and salicylic acid.

530. Aluminium chloride is used as an antiperspirant.

Pharma Tips-100

521. Chlorzoxazone, methocarbamol, and orphenadrine are skeletal muscle relaxants.

522. White willow bark is a herb used in muscle cramps.

523. RICE therapy is used for soft tissue injury which is rest, ice, compression, and elevation.

524. Tamoxifen reverses gynecomastia caused by steroids.

525. ACEIs and NSAIDs both can cause renal failure.

Pharma Tips-99

516. Sibutramine is serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), enhances satiety.

517. The repeated use of ipecac to induce vomiting can cause cardiotoxicity and dental erosion from the acidic content of the stomach.

518. Sodium restricted diet is useful for hypertension, CHF, renal and liver diseases.

519. Gluten intolerance causes abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and fatigue (celiac disease).

520. Drugs that may cause osteoporosis are corticosteroids like prednisone, levothyroxine (high doses), anticonvulsants like phenytoin, heparin (long-term therapy), antineoplastics, aluminum-containing antacids.

Pharma Tips-98

511. Drugs that might induce hypoglycemia are BBs, alcohol, pentamidine, quinine, quinidine(high doses), salicylates, insulin, and sulfonylureas.

512. Excessive iron may cause liver cirrhosis and skin pigmentation.

513. Elemental iron content in iron salts; ferrous sulfate 300mg contains 60mg iron, ferrous gluconate 300mg contains 35mg iron, ferrous fumarate 200mg contains 66mg iron, ferrous ascorbate 275mg contains 33mg iron.

514. Breast milk may be kept at room temperature (19-22°c), for up to 10 hours, and in a refrigerator (0-4°c) up to 8 days.

515. Guidelines for a healthy weight:-

Zone A: underweight <20 (BMI)

Zone B: acceptable weight; BMI between 20-24.9

Zone C: possibly overweight; BMI between 25-27

Zone D: overweight or obese; BMI > 27

Pharma Tips-97

506. Ostomy means stoma in greek, that means mouth which is used for artificial opening.

507. Drugs might cause hyperglycemia are alpha-interferons, beta-blockers(BBs), nicotinic acid, diazoxide, cyclosporine, corticosteroids (CTs), pentamidine, phenytoin, tacrolimus, thiazide diuretics, thyroid hormone, amiodarone, Li, and oral contraceptives.

508. Classic symptoms of diabetes mellitus are blurred vision, fatigue, frequent infection, weight loss, polyphagia (hunger), polydipsia, and polyuria.

509. Lipid targets for diabetic patients > 30 years of age, LDL<2.5 mmol/L, TC<4 mmol/L, TGs<2 mmol/L.

510. Hypoglycemia symptoms are sweating, hunger, shakiness, palpitations, anxiety, irritability, mood changes, numb lips or tongue, headache, if untreated causes blurred vision, confusion, slurred speech, convulsions, coma, and death.

Pharma Tips-96

501. Inflammatory bowel diseases include Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

502. OTC medications for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are dicyclomine, loperamide, magnesium hydroxide, and lactulose. 

503. Enterobiasis is commonly called pinworm or seatworm, it is caused by entrobius vermicularis.

504. Scotch-tape test (cellulose-tape slide test) to be performed at home to detect the presence of pinworm ova.

505. OTC drugs for pinworm infection are piperazine adipate, pyrantel pamoate, and pyrvinium pamoate.