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111. Tenesmus is a painful spasm of the anal sphincter along with an urgent desire to defecate without the significant production of faeces; associated with irritable bowel syndrome.

112. Campylobacter is a fluoroquinolone-resistant bacterium, and azithromycin is the doc in this case; it can also be used in children and pregnancy.

113. Doxycycline decreases the absorption of bismuth subsalicylate, and the qid dose is better than bid in the treatment of travellers’ diarrhoea.

114. Dexamethasone + serotonin antagonist is the most effective treatment for acute nausea and vomiting. Dexamethasone + metoclopramide is the most effective regimen for delayed nausea and vomiting.

115. Corticosteroids' side effects are mood changes, weight gain, masked signs of infection, increased appetite, GI irritation, ulceration and fluid retention.

Pharma Tips-17

106. Antifungal creams contain mineral or vegetable oil weaken latex condoms or diaphragms.

107. Erythromycin estolate is not used during pregnancy due to reports of cholestatic hepatitis. 

108. Varicella virus vaccine is given to healthy children from12 months to 12 years in one dose and two doses for adults and more than 12 years given in 4-8 weeks apart. Varicella vaccines are not recommended in pregnancy.

109. HAART, or highly active antiretroviral therapy, is the standard of care in HIV treatment by using a combination of at least three drugs.

110. Odynophagia is severe pain on swallowing due to a disorder of the oesophagus.

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101. Erythromycin monotherapy is not used in COPD because of lowered activity against Haemophilus influenzae.

102. Co-administration of aminoglycosides with vancomycin or loop diuretics increases the risk of ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity and co-administration with penicillins result in aminoglycoside inactivation.

103. Telithromycin may cause fatal hepatotoxicity and it is contraindicated in myasthenia gravis.

104. SMX ∕ TMP cause SJS increases the effect of sulfonylureas and warfarin.

105. Aminoglycosides like gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin are the treatment of choice for acute pyelonephritis.

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96. Thiazide diuretics increase the excretion of Na, K, Cl, and water; they can lead to hypokalemia, hyponatremia, photosensitivity, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, and hypercalcemia, and may exhibit cross-hypersensitivity with sulfa drugs.

97. Loop diuretics, streptomycin, and cisplatin may cause nephrotoxicity. 

98. NSAIDS, K supplements, ACEIS, ARBS, K-sparing diuretics, digoxin overdose, cyclosporine, penicillin G, tacrolimus, TMP and SMX, heparin, beta-blockers, pentamidine, succinylcholine, renal failure, crush injury, trauma, hemolysis, and tumour lysis can all lead to hyperkalemia.

99. Influenza is an acute viral illness of the respiratory tract caused by the influenza A and B viruses. The influenza season typically runs from mid-October to the end of April, with the recommended time for vaccination being from October to mid-November.

100. Headache, fever, myalgia, nasal congestion, and cough are symptoms of influenza-like illness.

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91. Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease characterised by dry red patches covered with scales; it occurs especially on the scalp, ears and genitalia and the skin over bony prominences.

92. Angina is a disorder of the heart that develops because of an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand.

93. Reteplase should not be administered with heparin in the same IV line due to physical incompatibilities.

94. Ticlopidine causes neutropenia and agranulocytosis that can be started within 3 weeks to 3 months of therapy.

95. Pentoxifylline decreases the blood viscosity and increases the flexibility of RBCs; it is used in the treatment of intermittent claudication.

Pharma Tips-13

86. Endometriosis is the presence of endometrium elsewhere than in the lining of the uterus; causes premenstrual pain, dysmenorrhea, and infertility.

87. Osteoarthritis: Chronic breakdown of cartilage in the joints; the most common form of arthritis occurring usually after middle age.

88. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease with inflammation of the joints and marked deformities; something (possibly a virus) triggers an attack on the synovium by the immune system, which releases cytokines that stimulate an inflammatory reaction that can lead to the destruction of all components of the joint.

89. Whiplash is an injury to the neck (the cervical vertebrae) resulting from rapid acceleration or deceleration (as in an automobile accident).

90. Rosacea skin disease of adults (more often women) in which blood vessels of the face enlarge, resulting in a flushed appearance.

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81. Crohn’s disease is a serious, chronic and progressive inflammation of the ileum producing frequent bouts of diarrhoea with abdominal pain and nausea, fever and weight loss.

82. Ulcerative colitis is a serious chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine and rectum characterised by recurrent episodes of abdominal pain and fever, chills and profuse diarrhoea.

83. Ulcerative proctitis is an inflammation of the rectum, marked by bloody stools and a frequent urge to defecate; frequently associated with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis.

84. Propafenone and Flecainide are used in life-threatening arrhythmias.

85. Irritable bowel syndrome is recurrent abdominal pain and diarrhoea (often alternating with periods of constipation); often associated with emotional stress.