Pharma Tips-98

511. Drugs that might induce hypoglycemia are BBs, alcohol, pentamidine, quinine, quinidine(high doses), salicylates, insulin, and sulfonylureas.

512. Excessive iron may cause liver cirrhosis and skin pigmentation.

513. Elemental iron content in iron salts; ferrous sulfate 300mg contains 60mg iron, ferrous gluconate 300mg contains 35mg iron, ferrous fumarate 200mg contains 66mg iron, ferrous ascorbate 275mg contains 33mg iron.

514. Breast milk may be kept at room temperature (19-22°c), for up to 10 hours, and in a refrigerator (0-4°c) up to 8 days.

515. Guidelines for a healthy weight:-

Zone A: underweight <20 (BMI)

Zone B: acceptable weight; BMI between 20-24.9

Zone C: possibly overweight; BMI between 25-27

Zone D: overweight or obese; BMI > 27

Pharma Tips-97

506. Ostomy means stoma in greek, that means mouth which is used for artificial opening.

507. Drugs might cause hyperglycemia are alpha-interferons, beta-blockers(BBs), nicotinic acid, diazoxide, cyclosporine, corticosteroids (CTs), pentamidine, phenytoin, tacrolimus, thiazide diuretics, thyroid hormone, amiodarone, Li, and oral contraceptives.

508. Classic symptoms of diabetes mellitus are blurred vision, fatigue, frequent infection, weight loss, polyphagia (hunger), polydipsia, and polyuria.

509. Lipid targets for diabetic patients > 30 years of age, LDL<2.5 mmol/L, TC<4 mmol/L, TGs<2 mmol/L.

510. Hypoglycemia symptoms are sweating, hunger, shakiness, palpitations, anxiety, irritability, mood changes, numb lips or tongue, headache, if untreated causes blurred vision, confusion, slurred speech, convulsions, coma, and death.

Pharma Tips-96

501. Inflammatory bowel diseases include Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

502. OTC medications for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are dicyclomine, loperamide, magnesium hydroxide, and lactulose. 

503. Enterobiasis is commonly called pinworm or seatworm, it is caused by entrobius vermicularis.

504. Scotch-tape test (cellulose-tape slide test) to be performed at home to detect the presence of pinworm ova.

505. OTC drugs for pinworm infection are piperazine adipate, pyrantel pamoate, and pyrvinium pamoate.

Pharma Tips-95

496. Recipes for homemade ORS:-

A. Fruit Juice 240 ml 

    Honey 2.5 ml 

    Salt 0.5 ml

    Baking Soda ¼ tsp

B. Purified water 1 L

    Salt 1 tsp

    Sugar 8 tsp

497. Common conditions associated with abdominal pain are cancer, cholelithiasis, chronic pancreatitis, crohn’s disease, GERD, IBS, myofacial pain, non-ulcer dyspepsia, PUD, and ulcerative colitis.

498. Drugs that might cause abdominal pain are amiodarone, antibiotics, anticonvulsants, antineoplastics, antiretrovirals, iron supplements, metformin, NSAIDs, neuroleptics, opioids, SSRIs, and sulfasalazine.

499. Gastroparesis is paralysis in GIT.

500. Aluminium antacids decreases the absorption of quinolones, tetracyclines, digoxin, iron, ethambutol, and isoniazid.

Pharma Tips-94

491. Wait for 5-10 minutes after using the eye drop to use the eye ointment.

492. Wait for at least 10 minutes, when you use one eye ointment, before using a second eye ointment.

493. Drugs that cause dizziness are prazosin, gentamicin, alcohol, carbamazepine, desipramine, levodopa, olanzapine, atenolol, verapamil, procainamide, digoxin, HCTZ, morphine, propoxyphene, oral sulfonylureas, and hydralazine.

494. Drugs that may cause nausea and/or vomiting are ASA, NSAIDs, auranofin, colchicine, digoxin, amiodarone, procainamide, BBs, CCBs, antituberculars, erythromycin, tetracycline, sulfonamides, phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic acid, phenobarbital, acyclovir, levodopa, narcotic analgesics, oral contraceptives, sulfonylureas, and theophylline.

495. Viral infections that are responsible for diarrhea are rotavirus, norwalk like virus, adenovirus, astrovirus, and calcivirus.

Pharma Tips-93

486. Heat cramps may be due to lack of the sodium in the body.

487. Smoking cessation; 

• Set a quit date
• Good results from quitting
• Things to avoid
• Meet someone who could help like a pharmacist
• Tell family and friends about quitting to help you
• Make a diary 
• Use smoking alternatives like gum
• Avoid weight gain (healthy food and sports)
• Follow instructions carefully if you are taking medications to help you quitting

488. Cetirizine is the active metabolite of hydroxyzine.

489. Fexofenadine is the metabolite of terfenadine.

490. Common causes of cough are asthma, chronic bronchitis, CHF, drugs like ACEIs, emphysema, foreign body, GERD, inhaled chemical irritants, postnasal drip (sinusitis, allergic rhinitis), upper and lower respiratory tract infections.

Pharma Tips-92

481.Drugs that may induce headache / migraine include tetracycline, minocycline, cotrimoxazole, nalidixic acid ,  isotretinoin, tamoxifen, cimetidine, indomethacin, diclofenac, nitroglycerin, atenolol, propranolol, captopril, nifedipine, methyldopa, reserpine, hydralazine, ranitidine, fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, fluvoxamine, citalopram, oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), caffeine, cyclosporine, danazol, latanoprost, metronidazole, foods containing nitrites, glutamate, aspartame, tyrosine, phenylalanine, tyramine containing products like aged cheese, hot dogs, chocolate, red wine, coffee, tea.

482. Feverfew, magnesium and riboflavin are over the counter products for migraine prophylaxis.

483. Drugs that may induce fever include allopurinol, amphotericin, antacids, antibiotics, anticholinergics, antihistamines, antineoplastics, azathioprine, barbiturates, carbamazepine, cimetidine, clofibrate, corticosteroids, cyclosporine, digoxin, diltiazem, epinephrine, folic acid, griseofulvin, heparin, hydralazine, ibuprofen, iodides, iron dextran, metoclopramide, MAOIs, methyldopa, nifedipine, oral contraceptives, phenytoin, procainamide, propylthiouracil (PTU), quindine, quinine, ranitidine, salicylates, sulindac, tacrolimus, tolmetin, triameterene, and vitamins.

484. Temperature measuring preference; birth- 2 years, rectum>armpit>ear, 2-5 years; rectum>ear>armpit, >5 years; mouth>ear>armpit.

485. Drugs that may affect body temperture are; TCA, anticholinergics, antipsychotics, antihistamines, SSRIs, BBs, alpha-agonists, MAOIs, sympathomimetics, cocaine, and amphetamine.