Pharma Tips-167

856. Tinidazole is an antiprotozoal agent.

857. Zidovudine may cause anemia.

858. Mupirocin (Bactroban) is used to treat impetigo.

859. Blood pressure (BP) = total peripheral resistance (TPR) X cardiac output (CO).

860. Drugs that are not appropriate or better be avoided if possible in elderly are:-

• Analgesics such as pentazocine, propoxyphene, meperidine, indomethacin, and ketorolac.
• Antianxiety drugs such as long-acting benzodiazepines.
• Antidepressants such as amitriptyline (high anticholinergic side effects), doxepin, & fluoxetine.
• Antispasmodics such as dicyclomine, cyclobenzaprine, hyoscine, and benztropine.
• 1st generations antihistamines such as diphenhydramine, and hydroxyzine.
• Antihypertensives such as methyldopa, and beta-blockers (BBs).
• Long-term laxatives such as mineral oil.

Pharma Tips-166

851. Palonosetron is a 5-HT3 antagonist to treat nausea and vomiting from chemotherapy.

852. Antiepileptics produce tolerance, so dose should be monitored.

853. Selenium is used just topically (antifungal, antibacterial, and keratolytic).

854. Bortezomib is indicated for refractory multiple myeloma.

855. Propylthiouracil causes dermatitis, leukopenia, and agranulocytopenia.

Pharma Tips-165

846. Nitroglycerin has a short half-life because it undergoes the first-pass metabolism.

847. Trihexyphenidyl is used to treat Parkinsonism.

848. Isotretinoin is closely related to vitamin A.

849. Colchicine is the most effective medication for acute gout.

850. Linezolid is used to treat vancomycin resistant cocci, nosocomial pneumonia.

Pharma Tips-164

841. Albuterol is usually administered by mouth.

842. Enzyme induction means more enzymes produced.

843. Epinastine is an ocular antihistamine, it is used to treat allergic conjunctivitis.

844. Amrinone is the only synthetic cardiac glycoside. 

845. Efalizumab is used to treat plaque psoriasis.

Pharma Tips-163

836. Lorazepam is used as pre-operative medication, and prior to chemotherapy, it causes sedation, memory loss, and decrease anxiety.

837. Cocaine is a vasoconstrictor, slows its own absorption, so it acts longer.

838. Diethylstilbestrol is the first synthetic estrogen.

839. Carbidopa prevents the degradation of levodopa in the periphery, so more levodopa crosses BBB to convert into dopamine.

840. Hyoscyamine is twice potent as atropine.

Pharma Tips-162

831. Botox (botulinum toxin) is used for strabismus (crossed eyes), blepharospasm (noncontinuous blinking), facial wrinkles, excessive underarm sweating.

832. Cholestyramine blocks the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (ADEK).

833. Lanthanum reduces serum phosphate in end-stage renal failure.

834. Antipsychotics act on lower brain areas.

835. Treprostinil is prostaglandin used in pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Pharma Tips-161

826. Enteral feeding tube complications include aspiration, pneumonia, diarrhea, hyperglycemia, and fluid and electrolyte disturbance.

827. Bevacizumab is used for short-term treatment of metastatic colon cancer.

828. Nicotine is available as a transdermal patch, nasal spray, and gum.

829. Triamcinolone has all glucocorticoids side effects except increasing appetite.

830. Amoxicillin is more acid-stable than penicillin.

Pharma Tips-160

821. Sulfonamides undergo acetylation.

822. Tinnitus can be caused by salicylates toxicity and from withdrawal symptoms of benzodiazepines.

823. Nalorphine is a narcotic antagonist (it has very little agonistic activity).

824. Aprepitant (Emend) is used for nausea and vomiting induced by chemotherapy.

825. Magnesium is good for enzyme system, muscle contraction, and nerve conduction.

Pharma Tips-159

816. Flu shot is given from October to mid-November.

817. Medications need to be stopped automatically after specific time:-

• PRN-controlled medication after 72 hours
• Anticoagulants 24 hours, 14 days, or by a doctor
• Antibiotics 10 days
• Antineoplastics 24 hours, 7 days, or by doctor
• Parenteral nutrition 4 days
• Schedule II drugs 72 hours, 7 days
• Schedule III drugs 7 days
• Schedule IV drug 7 days
• Schedule V drugs 7 days

818. Amphetamine, and phencyclidine are basic drugs.

819. Lithium and ethanol can cross BBB and the placenta, because they have very small molecular weight (too small particles).

820. Alfuzosin is used to treat BPH.

Pharma Tips-158

811. Cholestyramine decreases the absorption of levothyroxine.

812. Ciprofloxacin damages cartilage in children.

813. Verapamil can cause inhibition of AV node conduction, so it can possibly cause heart block.

814. Flunarizine is calcium channel blocker, it is used for migraine prophylaxis.

815. Pneumocystis carnii is treated by co-trimoxazole, dapsone, or pentamidine.

Pharma Tips-157

806. Clostridia causes gas gangrene.

807. Bacteriophages are viruses.

808. Staphylococci cause furuncles and abscesses.

809. Treponema pallidum causes syphilis.

810. Chloroquine is used to prevent malaria.

Pharma Tips-156

801. LMWH is the drug of choice in pregnancy as an anticoagulant, but it must be stopped at labor.

802. Antacids are usually given between meals, and at bedtime.

803. Lithium adverse effects are fine hand tremor, diarrhea, hypothyroidism, weight gain, and muscle weakness.

804. Anthrax is treated with ciprofloxacin or doxycycline.

805. The heart is damaged by rheumatic fever.

Pharma Tips-155

796. Uterine relaxants (tocolytics), magnesium sulfate is the treatment of choice to suppress preterm labor (<37 weeks of gestation), terbutaline, nifedipine, indomethacin are the 2nd choice after magnesium sulfate.

797. Tolterodine is a muscarinic receptor antagonist, relaxes urinary bladder to treat overactive bladder.

798. Estrogen and progestin combinations cause abdominal pain, bloating, chest pain, shortness of breath, headache, eye problems, and severe leg pain.

799. Increase arterial blood flow, and decrease venous blood flow in the penis leads to erection after sexual stimuli (viagra). Erection lasts 4-6 hours (priapism), sildenafil causes a headache, dyspepsia, nasal congestion, and rhinitis. Tadalafil (Cialis) erection last for 36 hours.

800. Drugs that might cause syncope are alcohol, antiparkinson drugs, diuretics , alpha and beta- blockers, vasodilators, nitrates, phosphodiesterase 5-inhibitors (sildenafil, tadalafil, and vardenafil).