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711. Acyclovir causes crystalluria, and neurotoxicity, maintain hydration while taking it.

712. HAART is high active antiretroviral therapy.

713. Stibogluconate is the drug of choice in leishmaniasis.

714. Nifurtimox is the drug of choice in Chagas disease.

715. Prophylaxis of malaria; pyrimethamine + sulfadoxine, or mefloquine.

Pharma Tips-137

706. Imipenem and meropenem IV drugs are resistant to beta-lactamases.

707. INH, rifampin, and ethambutol are used to treat tuberculosis.

708. Isoniazid (INH) side effects are hepatitis (elderly patients), peripheral neuritis (use vitamin B6), hemolysis (G6PD), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in slow acetylator.

709. Rifampin side effects proteinuria, hepatitis, flu-like symptoms, increases metabolism of other drugs, thrombocytopenia, red-orange metabolites in urine and other body fluids.

710. Ethambutol causes retrobulbar neuritis, and decreases visual acuity (sharpness), aluminum salts decrease its absorption.

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701. Ticarcillin has more activity against gram-negative bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

702. Cefaclor is used against Haemophilus influenzae and otitis media.

703. Ceftriaxone (IM), and cefixime (PO) are used to treat gonorrhea.

704. Cefepime is a 4th generation cephalosporin.

705. Probenecid inhibits renal clearance of some penicillins and cephalosporins, thus increase their conc. and extend their effects.

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696. Drugs that might be used instead of Li are valproic acid, carbamazepine, clonazepam ( pregnancy), and gabapentin.

697. Antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis include penicillins, cephalosporins, imipenem, and vancomycin.

698. Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis include aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, linezolid, macrolides, and tetracyclines.

699. Penicillinases break ring structure (staphylococcus species).

700. Nafcillin, methicillin, and oxacillin are used in beta-lactamase resistance.

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691. Tardive dyskinesia occurs with long-term use of antipsychotic drugs such as haloperidol and fluphenazine, and it is irreversible.

692. Clozapine causes agranulocytosis ( decrease white blood cells), and weight gain.

693. Thioridazine causes retinal deposits and cardiotoxicity.

694. Depression is characterized by low levels of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine.

695. Lithium toxicity occurs with the use of diuretics, or low Na levels, side effects of Li are tremors, ataxia, acne, edema, seizures, polyuria, and polydipsia.

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686. Dopamine main side effect is psychosis.

687. Pergolide is a dopamine agonist, it is used in Parkinson's disease.

688. Parkinsonism signs and symptoms are resting tremor, bradykinesia, muscle rigidity, postural instability, flat face. It is characterized by the presence of too much acetylcholine and too little dopamine. L-dopa crosses BBB to form dopamine.

689. Chlorpromazine, haloperidol, and thioridazine lower seizure threshold, they block dopamine receptors and cause pseudo-parkinsonism, bradykinesia, rigidity, akathisia, and dystonia.

690. Muscarinic blocking drugs may cause acute dystonia.

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681. Valproic acid causes spina bifida (teratogenic).

682. Cocaine blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine and causes an increase in the heart rate.

683. Morphine and meperidine are the drugs of choice in moderate and severe pain management.

684. Methadone is used to treat withdrawal symptoms of opioids.

685. Dyskinesia is irregular muscle movements.

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676. Serotonin receptors are excitatory or inhibitory.

677. Opioid receptors are inhibitory.

678. Metronidazole + ethanol cause a disulfiram-like reaction.

679. Lorazepam and diazepam are used in status epilepticus (IV), and phenytoin.

680. Lamotrigine causes a life-threatening rash.

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671. Gemfibrozil activates lipoprotein lipase, increases the metabolism of VLDL.

672. Glutamic acid is excitatory (NMDA receptors) target of ketamine, and phencyclidine (PCP), but GABA is inhibitory, increases chloride influx, receptors targeted by anticonvulsants and sedatives.

673. Cholinergic receptors, M1 receptors are excitatory; decrease potassium efflux, M2 receptors are inhibitory; increase potassium influx.

674. Dopamine receptors are inhibitory, increase c-AMP.

675. Norepinephrine receptors are excitatory or inhibitory.

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666. Thiazide diuretics increase LDL, and TGs in chronic use, and decrease libido.

667. Potassium-sparing diuretics cause hyperkalemia, and increase hydrogen ion conc. causing acidosis.

668. Cholestyramine increases VLDL and TGs and decreases the absorption of digoxin, thiazide, tetracyclines, warfarin, and vitamin K.

669. Statins slightly decrease TGs and increase liver function tests (LFTs).

670. Niacin is the drug of choice to increase HDL, it causes flushing, so ASA is used to decrease this effect, it causes GIT disturbances and hyperglycemia.