Pharma Tips-113

586. Bacitracin is highly nephrotoxic.

587. Famotidine, capecitabine, and gentamicin require dosage adjustment in patients with renal impairment.

588. Influenza vaccine is available in injections and intra-nasal forms.

589. Testosterone is available as an ointment, injections, and transdermal patches.

590. Valacyclovir and cetirizine are not affected by food.

Pharma Tips-112

581. Telithromycin is a ketolide antibiotic.

582. Efalizumab is used to treat plaque psoriasis.

583. Oseltamivir is used in the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza A and B infection.

584. Progestin cause weight gain, headache, fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.

585. Nitrates cause tolerance with prolonged use, so free nitrate treatment periods should be established.

Pharma Tips-111

576. Pyrogens are removed by heat.

577. Propranolol, nifedipine, and nitroglycerin are drugs subjected to first pass effect.

578. Gas sterilization is the most common method to sterilize powders especially talc.

579. Duloxetine is used to treat depression and diabetic neuropathy.

580. Teriparatide is used for post-menopausal osteoporosis.

Pharma Tips-110

571. Soda lime is a reagent for absorption of carbon dioxide.

572. Limulus test is a test for pyrogens.

573. Magnesium stearate is used as a lubricant.

574. Oxycel is an agent that promotes clotting.

575. Bacteria and fungi are removed by 0.22 μm filters.

Pharma Tips-109

566. Bismuth subsalicylate mechanism of action as antidiarrheal is adsorbent of bacteria and toxins.

567. Cellulose acetate phthalate is used as enteric coating material.

568. Cocoa butter (theobroma oil) is useful, because it melts at 37°c, and releases the drug.

569. The most used method for sterilization is the moist heat.

570. Ampholyte is a substance that can act as acid or base like NaH2PO4.

Pharma Tips-108

561. Vanishing creams are O/W bases.

562. Strong acids donate protons readily.

563. Reaction rate increases mostly by temperature.

564. Ethylene glycol may oxidize to form oxalic acid, which is corrosive and quite toxic.

565. Sunscreens that contain PABA should be applied 2 hours before sun exposure.

Pharma Tips-107

556. In acetaminophen toxicity, the first liver enzyme to be elevated is aspartate transaminase.

557. Framingham risk score is the primary risk tool to assess 10 years risk for CVD.

558. 400,000 units of penicillin equal to 250 mg.

559. Freeze drying is based on sublimation.

560. Gums are effective only as binders.

Pharma Tips-106

551. OTC drugs for allergic rhinitis are brompheniramine, cetirizine, chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine, loratadine, pseudoephedrine NS, normal saline, oxymetazoline, xylometazoline, dextromethorphan. 

552. Periodontitis is a disease that attacks the gum and the bone around the teeth. Antibacterials regimens for periodontitis: 

Ciprofloxacin 500mg BID for 8 days. 

Metronidazole 500mg TID for 8 days. 

Metronidazole + amoxicillin 250mg both TID for 8 days. 

Metronidazole + ciprofloxacin 500mg both BID for 8 days. 

Tetracycline 500mg TID for 21 days. 

553. Candida albicans is the most common cause of oral candidiasis. 

554. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) contains amino acids, dextrose, fat, electrolyte, alcohol, vitamins, and traces elements. TPN solution should contain 5-7.5% dextrose, 3-5%amino acids. Calcium phosphate forms crystals in TPN, so calcium gluconate is used to prevent crystal formation. 

555. Sensitivity requirement (SR) = weight*error.

Pharma Tips-105

546. Non-pharmacological measures that could be helpful to minimize the menopause symptoms:-

• Avoiding spicy food, alcohol, and caffeine.
• Stop smoking.
• Cool comfortable environment.
• Getting regular exercise.
• For vaginal dryness, use lubricants.

547. St. john’s wort can act as abortifacient.

548. Ginger may be helpful to reduce nausea.

549. OTC drugs for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy are dimenhydrinate, and pyridoxine (vitamin B6).

550. Diclectin is a combination of doxylamine 10 mg, and pyridoxine 10 mg.

Pharma Tips-104

541. Drugs that may cause vaginal dryness are oral contraceptives, antihistamines, antidepressants, antihypertensives,chemotherapy,and antiarrhythmics. 

542. Bacteria found in the vagina are lactobacilli, streptococci, staphyococci, G. vaginalis, C. albicans, and other candida species.

543. Boric acid 600 mg capsules is used intravaginally one or BID for 14 days to treat resistant vaginal candidiasis.

544. Toxic shock syndrome is caused by staphylococcus aureus, and streptococcus pyogenes.

545. Symptoms of menopause are hot flashes, vaginal dryness, painful sexual intercourse, loss of bladder control, skin changes (increase wrinkles), lower sex drive, and memory loss.

Pharma Tips-103

536. Bacitracin has cross sensitivity with neomycin.

537. Steam sterilization (autoclave) 15 minutes at 121°c or 3 minutes at 134°c.

538. REM means roentgen-equivalent man a unit for measuring radiation dose or rapid eye movement sleep.

539. Magnesium controls convulsions by blocking neuromuscular response.

540. Sublimation is the conversion from a solid state to gas state, without going through a liquid phase.