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361. Ideal body weight (males)= 50 + 2.3 Kg for each inch height over 5 feet.

362. Ideal body weight (females)= 45.5 + 2.3 Kg for each height over 5 feet.

363. Creatinine clearance (Crcl) males=98-0.8*(age in years-20)/serum creatinine (mg/dL).

364. Crcl females= 0.85 * males Crcl.

365. Adjusted Crcl= BSA/1.73*Crcl.

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356. 1 oz = 28.349 grams, I foot = 12 inches = 30.48 cm, 15.4 grains = 1 gram.

357. Dose calculation in children: Young’s rule;

Child dose (CD) = age/ age+12* adult dose.

Cowling’s rule (CD)

CD = age at next birthday*adult dose/24

Fried’s rule 

CD= age in months*adult dose /150

Clark’s rule

CD= weight in bounds*adult dose/150

358. To convert from mmol/L to mg/dL multiply by 18.

359. Loading dose (LD) = ideal body weight (IBW)*drug dose per Kg.

360. Maintenance dose (MD)= ideal body weight (IBW)* dose per Kg per dosing interval.

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351. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treatment program: first-line; stimulants, second-line; atomoxetine, third-line; bupropion, fourth-line, tricyclic antidepressants.

352. Postpartum depression is treated with citalopram, paroxetine, and sertraline; all are the first-line drugs.

353. Aminoglycosides are less toxic in infants than adults.

354. If nitrite is detected in urine that means urinary tract infection.

355. Drug of choice in treatment of syphilis is benzathine benzylpenicillin.

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346. Beta2- agonists (short-acting) are the most effective against exercise induced asthma.

347. Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) with moderate asthma= 60-80%, PEFR for mild asthma >80%.

348. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) = total cholesterol (TC) – high density lipoprotein (HDL) – triglycerides (TGs)/5.

349. Absolute bioavailability =Fab= AUCpo*Div/AUCiv*Dpo*100.

350. Atomoxetine is a controlled substance.

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341. 1 mmol = molecular weight (mg). 1 mEq = weight*valence/ molecular weight. Mmol= weight/ molecular weight.

342. 0.2 sodium chloride equivalent means 1 g of the substance is equal to 0.2g of Nacl.

343. Loading dose (LD) = desired plasma conc. * Vd.

344. Latin abbreviations; O= eye; os=left eye, od= right eye, ou= both eyes; A=ear, as= left ear, ad= right ear, au= both ears.

345. 60-90% of digoxin is excreted unchanged by the kidneys.

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336. Initial conc. (C◦) = IV dose/ Vd. 

337. Body surface area (BSA) = (weight kg × height cm/ 3600)². 

338. Relative risk reduction (RRR) = absolute relative risk (ARR)/ CER, ARR= EER-CER, NNT= 1/ARR. 

339. Half-life (t½) = 0.693 X Vd/CL (clearance). 

340. Turnover = sales/capital.

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331. Methanol has neurotoxicity from formaldehyde (ocular damage).

332. Ethanol produces acetaldehyde which causes hangover effect.

333. Ethosuximide treats absence seizures.

334. Carbamazepine is the drug of choice in treating trigeminal neuralgia, it increases the secretion of antidiuretic hormone.

335. Phenobarbital is considered the safest anti-epileptic drug during pregnancy.

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326. Cyclosporine, phenytoin, and nifedipine cause gingival hyperplasia.

327. Loop and thiazide diuretics are powerful vasodilators by affecting prostaglandins.

328. Indapamide does not cause hyperlipidemia.

329. Respiratory depression can be caused by antihistamines, opiates, beta-blockers, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates.

330. Ethylene glycol has nephrotoxicity from oxalic acid.

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321. Overstimulation of receptors may cause desensitization, which means receptors, will not respond anymore.

322. Physostigmine is tertiary amine crosses the blood brain barrier, so it is used in atropine toxicity.

323. Pralidoxime (2- PAM) regenerates acetylcholine esterase (AchE) within 2 hours of toxicity with organophosphates (malathion).

324. Amiodarone and bleomycin both can cause pulmonary fibrosis.

325. Tricyclic antidepressants, potassium channel blockers, and antipsychotics cause torsades reaction.

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316. Zidovudine decreases the vertical transmission from the mother to the fetus by 80%.

317. Volume of distribution (Vd) = Dose (D) / Initial concentration (C˚).

318. Half-life (t1/2) = 0.693/ K.

319. Infusion rate (K◦) = Clearance (CL) * steady state concentration (Css).

320. Therapeutic index (TI) = toxic dose (TD) 50/ effective dose (ED) 50.